Central Nervous System Drugs Market Definition

The central nervous system (CNS) drugs market consists of sales of central nervous system drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that manufacture central nervous system drugs that are used in the treatment of diseases affecting the brain or spinal cord. The CNS drugs include anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antiemetics, antiparkinsonian agents, CNS stimulants, analgesics, and sedatives. Neurological diseases such as Epilepsy, Parkinson and psychological indications such as depression, and dementia are generally treated through these CNS drugs. Nervous system disorders are defined as disorders that affect the brain as well as the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal cord. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Some of the common clinical indications of such disorders include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness. These also include mental health conditions such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The market for CNS disorder drugs comprises of drugs that work in different ways depending on the type of disease by suppressing or boosting the brain activities.

CAR-T Therapy Market Definition

The chimeric antigen receptor -T therapy market consists of sales of CAR-T therapy products and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that develop chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies to treat blood cancers. CAR-T therapy is type of immunotherapy in which T-cells taken from patient’s blood are modified in a laboratory with the addition of a special protein receptor that grants T-cells the power to recognize as well as kill cancer cells easily, along with infusing the same back into that patient. This special protein receptor, known as the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), attaches to a specific protein on a patient’s cancer cells. The infused cells multiply and prevail in the patient’s body as living drugs. This industry includes establishments that are involved in the research and development to introduce new targeted cell therapies for treating indications related mostly to hematological malignancies. However, some of the pipeline CAR-T therapies are aimed at targeting solid tumors including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, kidney cancer, brain tumor, and other cancer types.

Pharmaceutical Drugs Market Definition

Pharmaceutical drugs are substances used to prevent treat or cure diseases or ailments or to alleviate their symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies produce pharmaceutical drugs made from active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients. The pharmaceutical drug market consists of sales of pharmaceutical drugs by entities (organizations sole traders and partnerships) that produce and sell pharmaceutical drugs or biologics used to treat various diseases. This industry includes establishments that produce drugs such as cardiovascular drugs gastrointestinal drugs genito-urinary drugs hematology drugs and other drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases rare genetic disorders infections metabolic disorders cancers respiratory diseases and others.

Oncology Drugs Market Definition

Oncology drugs refer to preparations used to treat cancer, which is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells. These drugs work by either killing cancer cells or slowing down their growth and spread. Oncology drugs may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy. The oncology drugs market consists of sales of oncology drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that produce oncology drugs and biologics to treat all types of cancers. This industry includes establishments that produce pharmaceutical drugs and biologics used in chemotherapy, radio therapies for treating gastric cancer, kidney cancer, brain tumor, and other cancer types.

Dry Eye Medication Market Definition

The dry eye medication market consists of sales of dry eye drugs and other related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that manufacture dry eye medication (or drugs) used to treat dry eyes. The dry eye medication market covers drugs that are used in the treatment of diseases related to dry eyes, irritation, pain, and infection. Dry eye is one of the most common eye related medical conditions; for example, an estimated 25 million Americans suffer from at least one symptom of dry eyes. It can be defined as the inability of human eyes to produce or maintain a sufficient quantity and quality of natural tears to lubricate the eyes. This can result in damage to the surface of the eyes, leading to pain, irritation, and inflammation, increase the risk of eye infection, and affect a person’s vision. Common disorders caused by dry eyes include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, evaporative dry eye disease, and aqueous dry eye disease. The market numbers in this briefing cover pharmaceutical (drug) treatments and do not cover biologic treatments for these conditions, which are included in a separate report.

The anti-infective drugs market consists of sales of branded and generic anti-infective drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that manufacture branded or generic anti-infective drugs to treat microbial infections. The anti-infective drugs industry includes establishments that manufacture antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, anti-viral drugs to treat viral infections, anti-fungal drugs to treat fungal infections, anti-helminthic drugs to kill internal parasites, and antiprotozoal agents to treat protozoan infections. The main types of anti-infective drugs are antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and others (anthelminthic, antiprotozoal). Antibiotics are drugs that either kill or slow the growth of bacteria. The drugs are administered through oral, parenteral, and others that are classified into branded and generic drugs. The various mode of purchase includes prescription-based drugs and over-the-counter drugs which are distributed by hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies/ drug stores, and others. The global anti-infective drugs market size is expected to decline from $220.0 billion in 2021 to $246.80 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.2%. The change in the anti-infective drugs market growth trend is mainly due to the companies stabilizing their output after catering to the demand that grew exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The anti-infective drugs market is expected to reach $614.29 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 25.6%. The anti-infective drugs market is expected to benefit from the latest developments in drug discovery procedures such as stem cells and organ-on-chip (OOC) technologies. OOCs are micro-engineered biometric systems that simulate the activities, mechanics and physiological responses of organ systems. Drug trial processes such as target identification, validation, and screening are being executed through OOC and stem cell technologies. These technologies are considerably reducing the drug discovery costs and generating reliable predictions on drug efficiency and human safety. Another area of development is physiology-simulation modelling, in which the integrated physiology of the human organism, in both health and disease, is simulated through a computer program. Eli Lilly and Pfizer have adopted Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) platform to conduct simulation models in early stages of the drug discovery process that are operational within hours, whereas traditional models take weeks to conduct simulations. The wide adoption of these technologies is expected to drive the anti-infective drugs market in the forecast period. The anti-infective drugs market is expected to be restrained by the increasing number of antimicrobial resistance cases due to growing ineffectiveness of conventional anti-infective drugs such as penicillin. Antimicrobial resistance is the final stage of the adaptation process of microorganisms such as bacteria to the environment developing the ability to resist the effects of anti-infective drugs. This is mainly caused by the overuse and misuse of anti-infective drugs such as antibiotics. The excessive use and misuse of anti-infective drugs increases the rate of the bacteria’s resistance, with an estimated 70% of bacteria ever discovered already being resistant to at least one anti-infective drug which was commonly used to treat them in the past. It is expected that deaths caused by antimicrobial resistance will rise to 10 million deaths by 2050. Increasing incidences of bacteria’s resistance to anti-infective drugs are expected to limit the use of anti-infective drugs, affecting the market’s growth. Anti-infective drug manufacturers are investing in programs to develop drugs to treat drug resistant infections. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious concern to global public health as it resulted in long duration of illness, the requirement of additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi change and adapted to drugs when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anthelmintics and others. According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally 4, 80,000 people are being affected by multi-drug resistant TB each year and drug resistance is starting to complicate the treatment of malaria and HIV as well. Companies are investing in developing the new drug candidates to treat drug-resistant infections. For instance, in 2019, the antibacterial agents imipenem, cilastatin and relebactam combination, pretomanid, lefamulin, and cefiderocol was approved by the US FDA in the field of resistant bacteria treatment for specific indications. Major companies in the anti-infective drugs market include Gilead Sciences, GlaxosmithKline, Merck & Co, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., AbbVie, Bayer AG, Mylan N.V., Shionogi and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. North America was the largest region in the anti-infective drugs in 2021. The Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the anti-infective drugs market report are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, UK, USA, Venezuela and Vietnam. The global anti-infective drugs market is segmented - 1) By Type: Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals, Others (Anthelminthic, Antiprotozoal) 2) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies/ Drug Stores, Others 3) By Route of Administration: Oral, Parenteral, Others 4) By Drug Classification: Branded Drugs, Generic Drugs 5) By Mode of Purchase: Prescription-Based Drugs, Over-The-Counter Drugs

The oncology drugs market consists of sales of oncology drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that produce oncology drugs to diagnose and treat all types of cancers. This industry includes establishments that produce drugs used in chemotherapy, surgery and radio therapies for treating pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, brain tumor, and other different cancer types. The main types of oncology drugs are lung cancer drugs, pancreatic cancer drugs, breast cancer drugs, prostate cancer drugs, ovarian cancer drugs, colorectal cancer drugs, gastric cancer drugs, kidney cancer drugs, brain tumor drugs, thyroid cancer drugs, skin cancer drugs, bladder cancer drugs, cervical cancer drugs, blood cancer drugs and others (kaposi sarcoma, aids-related lymphoma, anal cancer, bone cancer, retinoblastoma, testicular cancer, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, mouth cancer, neuroblastoma). Breast cancer drugs are used to target and destroy breast cancer cells. The drugs are administered through oral, parenteral, and others that are classified into branded and generic drugs. The various mode of purchase includes prescription-based drugs and over-the-counter drugs which are distributed by hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies/ drug stores and others. The global oncology drugs market size is expected to grow from $199.95 billion in 2021 to $223.21 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.6%. The growth in the market is mainly due to the companies rearranging their operations and recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The oncology drugs market is expected to reach $540.60 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 24.8%. The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has acted as a significant restraint on the oncology drugs market in 2020 as supply chains were disrupted due to restrictions on trade of pharmaceutical ingredients and products across countries. COVID-19 is an infectious disease with flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, and difficulty in breathing. The virus was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province of the People’s Republic of China and spread globally including Western Europe, North America and Asia. Steps by national governments to contain the transmission have resulted in a decline in economic activity with countries entering a state of lockdown and the outbreak had a negative impact on businesses throughout 2020 and into 2021. Pharmaceutical markets such as this one has been relatively unaffected however due to continued availability of drugs during government lock downs and inelasticity of demand. It is expected that the oncology market will recover from the shock across the forecast period as it is a 'black swan' event and not related to ongoing or fundamental weaknesses in the market or the global economy. Companies in the oncology drugs market are increasingly investing in technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) to save time and reduce research and development costs. AI is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems, which has the potential to surpass human intelligence levels. This technology helps to analyze large sets of chemical and biological data to identify potential drug candidates with higher success rates and at a quicker pace when compared to human analysis. The technology also helps in speeding up the patient recruitment process by matching cancer patients with the most relevant clinical trials, thus lowering clinical trial costs. Major oncology drug manufacturers such as Roche, Pfizer and Johnson and Johnson have already invested in AI technologies to reduce time taken and costs incurred for drug development. For example, Johnson and Johnson has recently entered into an agreement with BenevolentAI, a UK-based start-up, to mine data for designing new oncology drugs. Companies in the oncology drug market are investing in targeted therapy, which has proven to be less toxic compared to traditional treatment options. Targeted cancer therapies are drugs or substances which block the growth of cancer by interfering with molecules that are more specifically involved in cancer cell progression than in normal cell activity. The goal of these therapies is to eliminate cancerous cells in the body while leaving normal cells unharmed. By focusing on changes in the cell that are specific to cancer, this therapy may prove to be more effective than traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Companies in oncology market such as Pfizer, Novartis and Abbvie have understood the importance of this treatment method and are increasingly investing in it. According to a report by QuintilesIMS, 87% of the drugs currently in pipeline constitute of targeted therapy drugs. Major companies in the oncology drugs market include F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Novartis AG, Gilead Sciences Inc, Bayer AG, and Takeda Pharmaceticals. North America was the largest region in the oncology drugs market in 2021. The Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the forecast period The regions covered in the oncology drugs market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the oncology drugs market report are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, UK, USA, Venezuela and Vietnam. The global oncology drugs market is segmented - 1) By Type: Lung Cancer Drugs, Pancreatic Cancer Drugs, Breast Cancer Drugs, Prostate Cancer Drugs, Ovarian Cancer Drugs, Colorectal Cancer Drugs, Gastric Cancer Drugs, Kidney Cancer Drugs, Brain Tumor Drugs, Thyroid Cancer Drugs, Skin Cancer Drugs, Bladder Cancer Drugs, Cervical Cancer Drugs, Blood Cancer Drugs, Others (Kaposi Sarcoma, AIDS-Related Lymphoma, Anal Cancer, Bone Cancer, Retinoblastoma, Testicular Cancer, Hepatocellular (Liver) Cancer, Mouth Cancer, Neuroblastoma) 2) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies/ Drug Stores, Others 3) By Route of Administration: Oral, Parenteral, Others 4) By Drug Classification: Branded Drugs, Generic Drugs 5) By Mode of Purchase: Prescription-Based Drugs, Over-The-Counter Drugs

The ophthalmology drugs market consists of sales of ophthalmology drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that produce ophthalmology drugs to treat eye related diseases. The ophthalmology drugs industry includes establishments that produce pharmaceutical drugs to treat glaucoma diseases, anti- inflammatory and tear stimulating drugs under dry eye medications drugs, and other drugs for treating retinal disorders and allergies. Some of the major ophthalmic drugs include Eylea, Lucentis, Restasis, Vigamox, Azopt, and Lotemax. The main types of ophthalmology drugs are antiglaucoma drugs, dry eye medication, and other ophthalmological drugs (retinal disorders, anti-infectives/allergy). Anti-glaucoma drugs are medications used to prevent or treat glaucoma, which is a disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, resulting in progressive, irreversible vision loss. The drugs are administered through oral, parenteral, and others that are classified into branded and generic drugs. The various mode of purchase includes prescription-based drugs and over-the-counter drugs which are distributed by hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies/ drug stores and others. The global ophthalmology drugs market size is expected to grow from $50.62 billion in 2021 to $56.07 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.8%. The growth in the market is mainly due to the companies rearranging their operations and recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The ophthalmology drugs market is expected to reach $127.15 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 22.7%. The expected rise in eye laser surgeries will contribute to the ophthalmology drugs market. Ophthalmology research has proved a link between laser eye surgeries and the prevalence of dry eye disorders. In an eye laser procedure, cutting of some nerves in the cornea leads to reduction in corneal sensitivity, in response to which, eyes may not sense the need for lubrication, causing the body to produce fewer tears. Dry eye is a common side effect after laser vision correction surgeries. It is estimated that almost half of the patients that undergo a laser surgery experience some degree of dry eye condition following the procedure. The number of eye laser procedures rose to 720,000 a year in 2020. A rising number of people going for laser eye surgeries is expected to increase the demand for dry eye medications in the forecast period driving the ophthalmology drugs market. Regulatory changes are likely to lead to increased costs relating to new product development and service offerings to clients. These changes are related to data protection such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), changes to drug approval procedures and other regulatory changes. For instance, according to a study on 100 Data Privacy and Data Security statistics for 2020, GDPR compliance is a top priority for 58% of European companies. The GDPR regulation is a EU law on data protection and privacy of individuals residing the European Union and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also regulates data anonymization thus maintaining integrity of data dealing with patients and other clinical trial studies. The potential loss of revenue due to delays in product release and additional costs incurred due to stringent approval processes puts strain to investments relating to new product development, thereby affecting the growth of the ophthalmology drugs market. Drug manufacturers are increasingly developing ophthalmic drugs with anti-inflammatory agents to ease patient treatment for dry eye syndrome. Anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for the treatment of the inflammation produced by the dry eye syndrome, with the topical corticosteroid drops being the most common therapy. Corticosteroids can rapidly and effectively relieve the symptoms and signs of moderate or severe dry eye. However, prolonged usage of corticosteroids has seen to produce side effects that include risk of bacterial or fungal infection, elevated intraocular pressure and cataract formation. As a consequence, NSAIDs are increasingly being used as dry eye treatment instead of steroids to minimize the side effects. For instance, Aciex Therapeutics, a US-based pharmaceutical company, is developing NSAIDs which decrease ocular discomfort. Major companies in the ophthalmology drugs market include Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG, AbbVie, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Bausch Health Companies Inc., Bayer AG, Sumitomo Chemical Co ltd, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and Horizon Therapeutics plc. North America was the largest region in the ophthalmology drugs market in 2021. The Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the ophthalmology drugs market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the ophthalmology drugs market report are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, UK, USA, Venezuela and Vietnam. The global ophthalmology drugs market is segmented - 1) By Type: Antiglaucoma Drugs, Dry Eye Medication, Other Ophthalmological Drugs (Retinal Disorders, Anti-Infectives/Allergy) 2) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies/ Drug Stores, Others 3) By Route of Administration: Oral, Parenteral, Others 4) By Drug Classification: Branded Drugs, Generic Drugs 5) By Mode of Purchase: Prescription-Based Drugs, Over-The-Counter Drugs